Lower bounds in research refer to the minimum amount of resources or computational complexity required to solve a particular problem or perform a specific task. This concept is essential in understanding the inherent difficulty of problems in various fields such as computer science, mathematics, and physics. Lower bounds help researchers determine the limits of what is possible within a given framework or set of constraints. By proving lower bounds, researchers can establish the hardness of problems and identify the most efficient algorithms or strategies for solving them. Overall, understanding lower bounds is crucial for advancing the field of research and developing new solutions to complex problems.